Introduction**
The name "Chhaava" may evoke curiosity among those exploring Maratha history. While not a direct historical figure, "Chhaava" likely stems from a cultural reference—the 2021 Hindi film *Chhava*, which dramatizes the life of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, the valiant son of Shivaji Maharaj. This article delves into the history of Sambhaji, the second Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire, whose legacy is often intertwined with the term "Chhaava" due to modern reinterpretations.
**Early Life and Ascension**
Born in 1657, Sambhaji was the eldest son of Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire. Trained in warfare, administration, and diplomacy from a young age, Sambhaji embodied his father’s vision of *Swarajya* (self-rule). After Shivaji’s death in 1680, a succession dispute arose between Sambhaji and his stepbrother Rajaram. Despite political maneuvering, Sambhaji ascended the throne in 1681, becoming the second Chhatrapati.
**Reign and Challenges**
Sambhaji’s reign (1681–1689) was marked by relentless Mughal aggression under Emperor Aurangzeb, who sought to crush the Maratha Confederacy. Key events include:
1. **Mughal-Maratha Wars**: Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaigns targeted the Marathas. Sambhaji employed guerrilla tactics, inherited from his father, to harass Mughal forces.
2. **Alliance with the Siddis and Portuguese**: To counter Mughal power, Sambhaji forged strategic alliances, though these were often fraught with tension.
3. **Defense of Forts**: He successfully defended key forts like Raigad and Panhala, symbolizing Maratha resilience.
**Capture and Martyrdom**
In 1689, Sambhaji was captured by Mughal forces near Sangameshwar after a betrayal. Aurangzeb subjected him to brutal torture, demanding he convert to Islam and reveal Maratha secrets. Sambhaji’s refusal to capitulate became legendary. He was executed on March 11, 1689, his martyrdom galvanizing the Marathas to continue their resistance.
**Legacy and Cultural Impact**
Sambhaji’s defiance and sacrifice cemented his status as a symbol of Hindu resistance and Maratha pride. His reign, though short, ensured the survival of Shivaji’s empire during a critical period. Modern recognition includes:
- **Film *Chhava***: The 2021 movie highlights his life, though dramatized, renewing public interest in his contributions.
- **Historical Debates**: Scholars debate his administrative policies, but his mi
litary acumen remains undisputed.
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